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Vespula squamosa
''Vespula squamosa'', the southern yellowjacket, is a social wasp. This species can be identified by its distinctive black and yellow patterning and orange queen.〔 These yellowjackets are typically found in the eastern United States, and its territory extends as far south as eastern Mexico and Guatemala.〔 Within these territories, they create enormous, multiple-comb nests.〔MacDonald, John F., Matthews, R. W. "Nesting Biology of the Souther Yellowjacket, ''Vespula squamosa'' (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): Social Parasitism and Independent Founding", "Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society", January 1984.〕 The colonies may be either annual or perennial depending on the climate, and in many perennial nests, polygyny takes place.〔 In addition, this species uses pheromones both as a sexual attractant and an alarm signal.〔Landoldt, P. J. and Heath, R. R. "Alarm Pheromone Behavior of Vespula Squamosa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)", "Florida Entomologist". June 1987.〕 This species feeds on insects and animal carcasses; it does not produce honey.〔("Southern Yellowjacket" )〕 ''V. squamosa'', a social insect, has developed a parasitic relationship with the species ''V. vidua'' and ''V. maculifrons.''〔 Due to their painful, venomous stings, the species is considered a pest.〔
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
''V. squamosa'' is commonly called the southern yellowjacket. This species was discovered by Dru Drury around 1770.〔Drury, Dru 1773. "Illustrations of Natural History", London.〕 It is a member of the Vespidae family, which includes paper wasps (subfamily: Polistinae), pollen wasps (subfamily: Masarinae), potter and mason wasps (subfamily: Eumeninae), and yellow jackets (subfamily: Vespinae). The Vespidae family has about 4000 species, the majority of which are not social. Within the Vespinae subfamily, however, the roughly 80 species are all eusocial, including ''V. squamosa''. They create either annual or perennial nests, and some species, including ''V. squamosa'', are parasites to other Vespinae species.〔Goulet, Herni and Huber, John T. "Hymenoptera of the world: An identification guide to families", Ottawa, 1993. ISBN 0660149338.〕 Within the subfamily of Vespinae, the four genera are ''Provespa, Vespa, Dolichovespula'', and ''Vespula''. Within the ''Vespula'' genus are 18 species.〔Kimsey LS, Carpenter JM (2012) "The Vespinae of North America (Vespidae, Hymenoptera)","Journal of Hymenoptera Research"〕 The southern yellowjacket is fairly closely related to ''V. maculifrons'' (eastern yellowjacket), and ''V. squamosa'' is a social parasite of ''V. maculifrons''.〔("Paternity, reproduction and conflict in vespine wasps: a model system for testing kin selection predictions" )〕 ''V. squamosa'' is also closely related to ''V. rufa''.〔Wenseleers, T., Badcock, N., S., Erven, K., Tofilski, A., Nascimento, F., S., Hart, A., G., Burke, T., A., Archer, M., E., & Ratnieks, F., L., W. (2005). A Test of Worker Policing Theory in an Advanced Eusocial Wasp, Vespula rufa. Evolution, 59 (6), 1306-1314.〕
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